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  2. Rock (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

    Anthropic rock is synthetic or restructured rock formed by human activity. Concrete is recognized as a human-made rock constituted of natural and processed rock and having been developed since Ancient Rome. [23] Rock can also be modified with other substances to develop new forms, such as epoxy granite. [24]

  3. Soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

    Fossil soil horizons from paleosols can be found within sedimentary rock sequences, allowing the study of past environments. [193] The exposure of parent material to favourable conditions produces mineral soils that are marginally suitable for plant growth, as is the case in eroded soils. [194]

  4. Earth materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_materials

    Earth materials include minerals, rocks, soil and water. These are the naturally occurring materials found on Earth that constitute the raw materials upon which our global society exists. Earth materials are vital resources that provide the basic components for life, agriculture and industry. [1] [2] [3]

  5. List of rock types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_types

    The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists.There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type.

  6. Mineral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

    A rock may consist of one type of mineral or may be an aggregate of two or more different types of minerals, spacially segregated into distinct phases. [3] Some natural solid substances without a definite crystalline structure, such as opal or obsidian, are more properly called mineraloids. [4]

  7. Clay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay

    Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals [1] (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide. [2] [3]

  8. Plant nutrients in soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrients_in_soil

    Nutrients in the soil are taken up by the plant through its roots, and in particular its root hairs.To be taken up by a plant, a nutrient element must be located near the root surface; however, the supply of nutrients in contact with the root is rapidly depleted within a distance of ca. 2 mm. [14] There are three basic mechanisms whereby nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solution are brought ...

  9. Radon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon

    Radon concentrations found in natural environments are much too low to be detected by chemical means. A 1,000 Bq/m 3 (relatively high) concentration corresponds to 0.17 picogram per cubic meter (pg/m 3). The average concentration of radon in the atmosphere is about 6 × 10 −18 molar percent, or about 150 atoms in each milliliter of air. [75]