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The main pathophysiology of heart failure is a reduction in the efficiency of the heart muscle, through damage or overloading. As such, it can be caused by a wide number of conditions, including myocardial infarction (in which the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and dies), hypertension (which increases the force of contraction needed to pump blood) and cardiac amyloidosis (in which misfolded ...
These are known as transverse-tubules (t-tubules), which are also found in skeletal muscle cells and allow for the action potential to travel into the centre of the cell. [7] Special proteins called L-type calcium channels (also known as dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)) are located on the t-tubule membrane and are activated by the action ...
This is done by a number of mechanisms: [citation needed] Parasympathetic activation. If the heart is experiencing anoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO 2) or acidosis, the heart cells will enter a state of dysfunction and not work properly. Correct sarcomere crossbridges will not form the heart becomes less efficient (leading to myocardial failure).
Cardiac muscle (also called heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three types of vertebrate muscle tissues, the others being skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart .
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.
The cardiac muscle pattern is elegant and complex, as the muscle cells swirl and spiral around the chambers of the heart, with the outer muscles forming a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the great vessels and the inner muscles, forming a figure 8 around the two ventricles and proceeding toward the apex.
Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell. [1] T-tubule structure and function are affected beat-by-beat by cardiomyocyte contraction, [2] as well as by diseases, potentially contributing to heart failure and ...
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disorder of the heart muscle in people with diabetes.It can lead to inability of the heart to circulate blood through the body effectively, a state known as heart failure(HF), [2] with accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or legs (peripheral edema).