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DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. [1] Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute solutions.
The organization of DNA presents a remarkable biological challenge: human DNA can reach 2 meters [1] and is packed into the nucleus with the diameter of 5-20 µm. [2] At the same time, the critical cell processes involve complex processes on highly compacted DNA, such as transcription, replication, recombination, DNA repair, and cell division.
In nature, DNA can form three structures, A-, B-, and Z-DNA. A- and B-DNA are very similar, forming right-handed helices, whereas Z-DNA is a left-handed helix with a zig-zag phosphate backbone. Z-DNA is thought to play a specific role in chromatin structure and transcription because of the properties of the junction between B- and Z-DNA.
General model for duplication of heterochromatin during cell division Microscopy of heterochromatic versus euchromatic nuclei ().. Heterochromatin has been associated with several functions, from gene regulation to the protection of chromosome integrity; [13] some of these roles can be attributed to the dense packing of DNA, which makes it less accessible to protein factors that usually bind ...
Such modifications affect the binding affinity between histones and DNA, and thus loosening or tightening the condensed DNA wrapped around histones, e.g., Methylation of specific lysine residues in H3 and H4 causes further condensation of DNA around histones, and thereby prevents binding of transcription factors to the DNA that lead to gene ...
According to the New York Times, here's exactly how to play Strands: Find theme words to fill the board. Theme words stay highlighted in blue when found.
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is highly compacted in order to be able to fit it into the nucleus. This is accomplished by winding the DNA around protein octamers called histones, which has consequences for the physical accessibility of parts of the genome at any given time. Significant portions are silenced through histone modifications, and thus ...
The 10,000 steps per day rule isn’t based in science. Here’s what experts have to say about how much you should actually walk per day for maximum benefits.