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  2. Finite difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference

    A finite difference is a mathematical expression of the form f (x + b) − f (x + a).If a finite difference is divided by b − a, one gets a difference quotient.The approximation of derivatives by finite differences plays a central role in finite difference methods for the numerical solution of differential equations, especially boundary value problems.

  3. Differential calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus

    The slope of the tangent line equals the derivative of the function at the marked point. In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. [1] It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus —the study of the area beneath a curve.

  4. Multivariable calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariable_calculus

    In single-variable calculus, the fundamental theorem of calculus establishes a link between the derivative and the integral. The link between the derivative and the integral in multivariable calculus is embodied by the integral theorems of vector calculus: [1]: 543ff Gradient theorem; Stokes' theorem; Divergence theorem; Green's theorem.

  5. Difference quotient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_quotient

    Difference quotient. In single-variable calculus, the difference quotient is usually the name for the expression. which when taken to the limit as h approaches 0 gives the derivative of the function f. [1][2][3][4] The name of the expression stems from the fact that it is the quotient of the difference of values of the function by the ...

  6. Calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

    Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals ", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.

  7. Numerical differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation

    Numerical differentiation. Finite difference estimation of derivative. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.

  8. Chain rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule

    t. e. In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions f and g in terms of the derivatives of f and g. More precisely, if is the function such that for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation, or, equivalently, The chain rule may also be expressed in ...

  9. Calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_Variations

    Calculus of variations is concerned with variations of functionals, which are small changes in the functional's value due to small changes in the function that is its argument. The first variation [l] is defined as the linear part of the change in the functional, and the second variation [m] is defined as the quadratic part. [22]

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