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Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine. Views where care has been taken to expose for a true lateral view without any rotation offer the best diagnostic quality. Retrolistheses are found most prominently in the cervical spine and lumbar region but can also be seen in the thoracic area.
Tissues commonly imaged include the lungs and heart shadow in a chest X-ray, the air pattern of the bowel in abdominal X-rays, the soft tissues of the neck, the orbits by a skull X-ray before an MRI to check for radiopaque foreign bodies (especially metal), and of course the soft tissue shadows in X-rays of bony injuries are looked at by the ...
Lordosis is historically defined as an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar spine. [1] [2] However, the terms lordosis and lordotic are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. [3] [4] Similarly, kyphosis historically refers to abnormal convex curvature of the spine.
The Cobb angle is named after the American orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb (1903–1967). It was originally used to measure coronal plane deformity on radiographs with antero-posterior projection for the classification of scoliosis. [9]
Those with neck pain only without any positive neurological findings usually do not require an x-ray of the cervical spine. For those with chronic neck pain, a cervical spine x-ray may be indicated. There are various ways of doing cervical spine X-rays such as anteroposterior (AP) view, lateral view, Swimmer's view, and oblique view.
Kyphosis (from Greek κυφός (kyphos) 'hump') is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. [1] [2] Abnormal inward concave lordotic curving of the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine is called lordosis.
Superiorly, the retropharyngeal space terminates at the base of the skull (more specifically, at the clivus [2]). [1] [5] Inferiorly, the true RPS terminates at a variable level along the upper thoracic spine with the fusion of alar fascia and visceral fascia; [1] sources either give the inferior termination of the true RPS as occurring at approximately the vertebral level of T4 [2] or at a ...
On lateral C-spine X-ray, the thumbprint sign describes a swollen, enlarged epiglottis. [10] A normal X-ray, however, does not exclude the diagnosis. [10] An ultrasound may be helpful if specific changes are present, but its use (as of 2018) is in the early stages of study. [10] On CT imaging, the "Halloween sign" describes an epiglottis of ...