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Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intractable seizures in the prenatal and neonatal period. The disorder was first recognized in the 1950s, with the first description provided by Hunt et al. in 1954.
As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects of isoniazid treatment and certain types of mushroom poisoning. [5] Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.
In endemic areas, neurocysticercosis is the main cause behind focal epilepsy in early adulthood. All growth phases of cysticerci (viable, transitional and calcified) are associated with epileptic seizures. Thus, anti-cysticercus treatment helps by getting rid of it thus lowers the risk of recurrence of seizures in patients with viable cysts.
Folinic acid is also used in the treatment of cerebral folate deficiency, a syndrome in which the use of folic acid cannot normalize cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-MTHF. [12] In pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, folinic acid may be used as additional therapy if pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate fails to fully control the seizures. [13]
Syndromes are characterized into 4 groups based on epilepsy type: [1] a. Generalized onset epilepsy syndromes. These epilepsy syndromes have only generalized-onset seizures and include both the idiopathic generalized epilepsies (specifically childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic- clonic seizures alone), as well as ...
Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain, [26] nor for treatment of essential tremors. [27] Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the autism spectrum; [28] [29] studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder.
The vagus nerve stimulator is a device that can be implanted into patients with epilepsy, especially that which originates from a specific part of the brain. However, both of these treatment options can cause severe adverse effects. Additionally, while seizure frequency typically decreases, they often do not stop entirely. [40] [41]
The typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal is with benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. [2] Often the amounts given are based on a person's symptoms. [2] Thiamine is recommended routinely. [2] Electrolyte problems and low blood sugar should also be treated. [2] Early treatment improves outcomes. [2]
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