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Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process. The combustion may take place in a controlled manner such as in an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, or may result in an explosion (e.g., a dust explosion ).
The heart of the Mitsubishi's MVV system is the linear air–fuel ratio exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Compared with standard oxygen sensors, which essentially are on-off switches set to a single air/fuel ratio, the lean oxygen sensor is more of a measurement device covering the air/fuel ratio range from about 15:1 to 26:1. [19]
Where %O 2 is the percent O 2 by volume, dry basis, %CO 2 is the percent CO 2 by volume, dry basis, and 20.9 is the percent O 2 by volume in ambient air. The Fuel factor can be corrected for the amount of CO, by adding the percent CO on a dry basis to the CO 2, and subtracting half of the percent CO from the O 2. [2]
A mixture with a 14.7:1 air/fuel ratio is stoichiometric, that is when burned, 100% of the fuel and the oxygen are consumed. [citation needed] Mixtures with slightly less fuel, called lean burn are more efficient. The combustion is a reaction which uses the oxygen content of the air to combine with the fuel, which is a mixture of several ...
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The fuel being burnt in the lean charge is therefore not 'knock' or octane restricted. This type of stratification therefore can utilise a wide variety of fuels; the specific energy output being dependent only on the calorific value of the fuel. A relatively rich air/fuel mixture is directed to the spark-plug using multi-hole injectors.
Assume a two-stream problem having one portion of the boundary the fuel stream with fuel mass fraction =, and another portion of the boundary the oxidizer stream with oxidizer mass fraction =,. For example, if the oxidizer stream is air and the fuel stream contains only the fuel, then Y O , O = 0.232 {\displaystyle Y_{O,O}=0.232} and Y F , F ...
Any mixture of methane and air will therefore lie on the straight line between pure methane and pure air – this is shown as the blue air-line. The upper and lower flammability limits of methane in air are located on this line, as shown (labelled UEL and LEL, respectively). The stoichiometric combustion of methane is: CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H ...