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Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. log 10 of anydrous ammonia vapor pressure. Uses formula shown below.
Specific microwave effects are those effects that cannot be (easily) emulated through conventional heating methods. Examples include: (i) selective heating of specific reaction components, (ii) rapid heating rates and temperature gradients, (iii) the elimination of wall effects, and (iv) the superheating of solvents.
Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides or, more commonly, with alcohols: CH 3 OH + NH 3 → CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O. Its ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide give ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic acid and their derivatives.
(The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change; in this case the widely tabulated enthalpies of formation are used.) A related term is the heat of combustion, which is the chemical energy released due to a combustion reaction and of interest in the study of fuels.
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of heat. Thermochemistry is ...
In this regime, the combined effects of field-enhanced thermionic and field emission can be modeled by the Murphy-Good equation for thermo-field (T-F) emission. [35] At even higher fields, FN tunneling becomes the dominant electron emission mechanism, and the emitter operates in the so-called "cold field electron emission (CFE)" regime.
Several energy sources in planetary atmospheres can induce these dissociation reactions and subsequent hydrogen cyanide or aldehyde formation, including lightning, [32] ultraviolet light, [30] and galactic cosmic rays. [33] For example, here is a set photochemical reactions of species in the Miller-Urey atmosphere that can result in ...
Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say , changes by an amount , the 'driving change', causing a change , the 'response of prime interest', in its conjugate state variable , all other externally controlled state variables remaining constant.