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  2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as protein and enzymes .

  3. Solution-friction model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution-friction_model

    The solution-friction model (SF model) is a mechanistic transport model developed to describe the transport processes across porous membranes, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF).

  4. Thin-film composite membrane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_composite_membrane

    TFC membranes for water treatment are commonly classified as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Both types are typically made out of a thin polyamide layer (<200 nm) deposited on top of a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer (about 50 microns) on top of a non-woven fabric support sheet. The three layer configuration ...

  5. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods, such as fluidized bed pellet softening, [6] and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.

  6. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    Reverse osmosis involves mechanical pressure applied to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Contaminants are left on the other side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create.

  7. Semipermeable membrane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane

    Semipermeable membrane is a type of synthetic or biologic, polymeric membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure , concentration , and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute.

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