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In the spine, there is bone formation along the anterior longitudinal ligament and sometimes the posterior longitudinal ligament, which may lead to partial or complete fusion of adjacent vertebrae. The facet and sacroiliac joints tend to be uninvolved. The thoracic spine is the most common level involved. [2]
The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that extends across the anterior/ventral aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs the spine. It may be partially cut to treat certain abnormal curvatures in the vertebral column , such as kyphosis .
A whiplash injury may be the result of impulsive retracting of the spine, mainly the ligament: anterior longitudinal ligament which is stretched or tears, as the head snaps forward and then back again causing a whiplash injury. [18] A whiplash injury from an automobile accident is called a cervical acceleration–deceleration injury.
Tears are almost always posterolateral (on the back sides) owing to relative narrowness of the posterior longitudinal ligament relative to the anterior longitudinal ligament. [3] A tear in the disc ring may result in the release of chemicals causing inflammation, which can result in severe pain even in the absence of nerve root compression.
The anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament are both illustrated in this image; the anterior longitudinal ligament is to the far left, while the posterior longitudinal ligament is left of the center. The longitudinal ligaments are two sets of ligaments that run along the spine. These are:
“A retrolisthesis hyperloads at least one disc and puts shearing forces on the anterior longitudinal ligament, the annular rings, nucleus pulposus, cartilage end plates and capsular ligaments. The bulging, twisting and straining tissues attached to the endplates pull, push and stretch it. It is worsened with time, becoming irreversible.”
A bucket-handle tear occurs when a significant longitudinal tear develops, often as a result of trauma or excessive twisting forces applied to the knee. The displaced fragment can flip into the intercondylar notch, impeding normal joint motion. The injury is most commonly seen in:
The ventral or anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) that runs down along the spine on the anterior sides of the bodies of the vertebrae. It consists of a few irregular fibers that attach to the anterior sides of the sacrum and coccyx and blend with the periosteum. [1]