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An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2] It is the key structure in macroautophagy , the intracellular degradation system for cytoplasmic contents (e.g., abnormal intracellular proteins , excess or damaged organelles , invading microorganisms).
To give specific examples, the UKL1 enzyme (kinase complex) induces autophagosome biogenesis, and ATG13 (Autophagy-related protein 13) is required for phagosome formation. [54] Autophagy is executed by ATG genes. Prior to 2003, ten or more names were used, but after this point a unified nomenclature was devised by fungal autophagy researchers. [55]
Phagocytosis of a bacterium, showing the formation of phagosome and phagolysosome. In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
The Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français (French: [diksjɔnɛːʁ ilystʁe latɛ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛ]; Illustrated Latin–French Dictionary) is a dictionary of Latin, described in French. Compiled by the French philologist Félix Gaffiot (1870–1937), it is commonly eponymized « Le Gaffiot » ("The Gaffiot") by the French.
Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of academic study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics, and sociocultural influences.
A simple example of interaction involves plants: Some plants grow toward the light (phototropism) and some away from gravity (gravitropism). Many forms of developmental learning have a critical period , for instance, for imprinting among geese and language acquisition among humans.
Diagram of a human spermatozoa showing the acrosome. The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior (front) half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of humans and many other animals.