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The lysosome's hydrolases degrade the autophagosome-delivered contents and its inner membrane. [3] The formation of autophagosomes is regulated by genes that are well-conserved from yeast to higher eukaryotes. The nomenclature of these genes has differed from paper to paper, but it has been simplified in recent years.
ATG may be part of the protein name (such as ATG7) or part of the gene name (such as ATG7), [53] although all ATG proteins and genes do not follow this pattern (such as ULK1). [ 52 ] To give specific examples, the UKL1 enzyme (kinase complex) induces autophagosome biogenesis, and ATG13 ( Autophagy-related protein 13 ) is required for phagosome ...
AuTophaGy related 1 (Atg1) is a 101.7kDa serine/threonine kinase in S.cerevisiae, encoded by the gene ATG1. [1] It is essential for the initial building of the autophagosome and Cvt vesicles. In a non-kinase role it is - through complex formation with Atg13 and Atg17 - directly controlled by the TOR kinase, a sensor for nutrient availability.
The nascent phagosome is not inherently bactericidal. As it matures, it becomes more acidic from pH 6.5 to pH 4, and gains characteristic protein markers and hydrolytic enzymes. The different enzymes function at various optimal pH, forming a range so they each work in narrow stages of the maturation process.
Programmed cell death can be reduced or eliminated in the developing nervous system by the targeted deletion of pro-apoptotic genes or by the overexpression of anti-apoptotic genes. The absence or reduction of PCD can cause serious anatomical malformations but can also result in minimal consequences depending on the gene targeted, neuronal ...
Conversely, decreased CMA activity associates with increased genome instability and decreased cell survival. CMA is involved in the removal of Chk1, a key protein for cell cycle progression and cells with impaired CMA have defective DNA repair. [26] CMA degrades lipid droplet proteins (perilipin 2 and perilipin 3). [27]
66615 Ensembl ENSG00000168397 n/a UniProt Q9Y4P1 Q8BGE6 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_013325 NM_178326 NM_174874 NM_001368266 RefSeq (protein) NP_037457 NP_847896 NP_777363 NP_001355195 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 241.64 – 241.67 Mb n/a PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Cysteine protease ATG4B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATG4B gene. Function Autophagy is the process by ...
Cysteine protease ATG4A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATG4A gene. [5] [6] Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodelling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death ...