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Nystagmus. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases) [1] eye movement. [2] People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision. [3] In normal eyesight, while the head rotates about an axis, distant visual images are sustained by ...
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Vertigo. Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not. [ 1] Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. [ 1][ 2] It may be associated with nausea, vomiting, perspiration, or difficulties walking. [ 2] It is typically worse when the head is ...
Vestibulocerebellar syndrome. Vestibulocerebellar syndrome, also known as vestibulocerebellar ataxia, is a progressive neurological disorder that causes a variety of medical problems. Initially symptoms present as periodic attacks of abnormal eye movements but may intensify to longer-lasting motor incapacity. The disorder has been localized to ...
0.3–1.9 per 1,000 [ 1] Ménière's disease ( MD) is a disease of the inner ear that is characterized by potentially severe and incapacitating episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. [ 3][ 4] Typically, only one ear is affected initially, but over time, both ears may become involved. [ 3]
Labyrinthitis. Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the labyrinth, a maze of fluid-filled channels in the inner ear. Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve in the ear that sends messages related to motion and position to the brain). [ 2][ 3][ 4] Both conditions involve inflammation of the inner ear. [ 5]
Albinism is a congenital condition characterized in humans by the partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers.
Optic neuritis describes any condition that causes inflammation of the optic nerve; it may be associated with demyelinating diseases, or infectious or inflammatory processes. [ 1] It is also known as optic papillitis (when the head of the optic nerve is involved), neuroretinitis (when there is a combined involvement of the optic disc and ...