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Hypertension and the brain. Hypertension is a condition characterized by an elevated blood pressure in which the long term consequences include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, adrenal gland tumors, vision impairment, memory loss, metabolic syndrome, stroke and dementia. [1] It affects nearly 1 in 2 Americans and remains as a ...
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
Hypertensive encephalopathy ( HE) is general brain dysfunction due to significantly high blood pressure. [3] Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, trouble with balance, and confusion. [1] Onset is generally sudden. [1] Complications can include seizures, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and bleeding in the back of the eye.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension ( IIH ), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. [2] The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears, and shoulder pain.
Ocular hypertension. Ocular hypertension is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye ( intraocular pressure ), usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss. [ 1][ 2] For most individuals, the normal range of intraocular pressure is between 10 mmHg and 21 mmHg. [ 3][ 4] Elevated intraocular pressure is an important risk ...
The atherosclerotic, hypertension-related vascular lesions in the kidney primarily affect the preglomerular arterioles, resulting in ischemic changes in the glomeruli and postglomerular structures. Glomerular injury may also be a consequence of direct damage to the glomerular capillaries due to glomerular hyperperfusion.
Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid ( edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain. [1] This typically causes impaired nerve function, increased pressure within the skull, and can eventually lead to direct compression of brain tissue and blood vessels. [1] Symptoms vary based on the location and extent of edema ...
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML) is a rare and often fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage ( -pathy) or inflammation of the white matter ( leuko-) of the brain ( -encephalo-) at multiple locations ( multifocal ). It is caused by the JC virus, which is normally present and kept under control by the immune system.