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v. t. e. Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. [ 1 ] Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents ...
The official policy of the United States was first to deter the use of bio-weapons against U.S. forces and secondarily to retaliate if deterrence failed. In 1969, President Richard Nixon ended all offensive (i.e., non-defensive) aspects of the U.S. bio-weapons program. In 1975 the U.S. ratified both the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the 1972 ...
History of biological warfare. Before the 20th century, the use of biological agents took three major forms: Deliberate contamination of food and water with poisonous or contagious material. Use of microbes, biological toxins, animals, or plants (living or dead) in a weapon system. Use of biologically inoculated fabrics and persons.
Fungi have appeared, too, from time to time, in literature and art. Fungi create harm by spoiling food, destroying timber, and by causing diseases of crops, livestock, and humans. Fungi, mainly moulds like Penicillium and Aspergillus, spoil many stored foods. Fungi cause the majority of plant diseases, which in turn cause serious economic losses.
The light-absorbing compound in the fungus cell membranes had the effect of turning the water black. [5] While there are many cases of extremophiles (organisms that can live in severe conditions such as that of the radioactive power plant), a hypothetical radiotrophic fungus would grow because of the radiation, rather than in spite of it. [6]
This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).
Fungi diverged from other life around 1.5 billion years ago, [ 1 ][ 2 ] with the glomaleans branching from the " higher fungi " (dikaryans) at ~ 570 million years ago, according to DNA analysis. (Schüssler et al., 2001; Tehler et al., 2000) [ 2 ] Fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian, over 500 million years ago, (Taylor ...
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2]