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Tourism accounts for approximately 4% of Indonesia's total economy. [70] Climate change is expected to impact the tourism sector in a multitude of ways. Sea level rise will limit the geographical locations of housing available to incoming tourists and disproportionally impact low-lying islands that provide tourism services.
The city is one of the world's most vulnerable cities to the impacts of climate change. Due to its geographical and natural diversity, Indonesia is one of the countries most susceptible to the impacts of climate change. [17] This is supported by the fact that Jakarta has been listed as the world's most vulnerable city, regarding climate change.
The economy of Indonesia is a mixed economy with dirigiste characteristics, [31] [32] and it is one of the emerging market economies in the world and the largest in Southeast Asia. As an upper-middle income country and member of the G20 , Indonesia is classified as a newly industrialized country . [ 33 ]
Climate change can also be used more broadly to include changes to the climate that have happened throughout Earth's history. [32] Global warming—used as early as 1975 [33] —became the more popular term after NASA climate scientist James Hansen used it in his 1988 testimony in the U.S. Senate. [34] Since the 2000s, climate change has ...
China is a clean energy leader and both exports its technology to other developing countries and is a source of bilateral cooperation programs with other countries in the global South. [25]: 202 The "Ten, Hundred, Thousand" program is China's overarching initiative for South–South cooperation in addressing climate change.
Despite the fact that food is a big climate problem, very little has been done so far to address it. This year's U.N. climate conference in Dubai will be the first to dedicate a whole day to the ...
In other words, the trade-offs between climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation are made explicit. The costs of each policy and the outcomes modelled are converted into monetary estimates. The models incorporate aspects of the natural, social, and economic sciences in a highly aggregated way.
Climate change is having and will have further serious impact in the form of rising sea levels. As Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago state, at current rates, rising sea levels will result in 42 million Indonesian households over 2000 islands being at risk of submersion by the middle of this century. [11]