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The following illustrates the structures and abbreviations of the 21 amino acids that are directly encoded for protein synthesis by the genetic code of eukaryotes. The structures given below are standard chemical structures, not the typical zwitterion forms that exist in aqueous solutions.
The exact phrase three-letter acronym appeared in the sociology literature in 1975. [1] Three-letter acronyms were used as mnemonics in biological sciences, from 1977 [2] and their practical advantage was promoted by Weber in 1982. [3] They are used in many other fields, but the term TLA is particularly associated with computing. [4]
Amino acid 3- and 1-letter symbols Side chain Hydropathy index [50] Molar absorptivity [51] Molecular mass Abundance in proteins (%) [52] Standard genetic coding, IUPAC notation; 3 1 Class Chemical polarity [53] Net charge at pH 7.4 [53] Wavelength, λ max (nm) Coefficient ε (mM −1 ·cm −1) Alanine: Ala A Aliphatic Nonpolar Neutral 1.8 89. ...
By convention, peptide sequences are written N-terminus to C-terminus, left to right (in LTR writing systems). [1] This correlates the translation direction to the text direction, because when a protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, as amino acids are added to the carboxyl end of the protein.
Glycine (symbol Gly or G; [6] / ˈ ɡ l aɪ s iː n / ⓘ) [7] is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest stable amino acid. Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). [8]
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) [2] is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH + 3 form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid.
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, carboxy tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from N-terminus to C-terminus. The ...
The classic FFAT motif was defined on the basis of finding the sequence EFFDAxE in 16 different eukaryotic cytoplasmic proteins (where E = glutamate, F = phenylalanine, D = aspartate, A = alanine, x = any amino acid, according to the single letter amino acid code (see Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and properties in amino acids).