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Another autoimmune skin disease which can occur in dogs is vitiligo. In addition to humans, vitiligo can be found in a variety of animals, including cats, horses, and dogs. Vitiligo is a type of autoimmune disease that damages melanocytes in the skin, lips, and oral cavity. Melanocytes are cells that contain pigments such as melanin.
[5] [better source needed] The average human skin cell is about 30 μm in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually ranges from 25 to 40 μm 2, depending on a variety of factors. Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. [4]
Dog with atopic dermatitis, with signs around the eye created by rubbing. Atopy is a hereditary [3] and chronic (lifelong) allergic skin disease. Signs usually begin between 6 months and 3 years of age, with some breeds of dog, such as the golden retriever, showing signs at an earlier age.
The disease in dogs can affect the lungs and skin, but more commonly the eye and central nervous system. [20] Ringworm is a fungal skin disease that in dogs is caused by Microsporum canis (70%), Microsporum gypseum (20%), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10%). Typical signs in dogs include hair loss and scaly skin. [21]
In mammals, major cell types include skin cells, muscle cells, neurons, blood cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and others. Cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical. Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain.
Micrograph of keratinocytes, basal cells and melanocytes in the epidermis Keratinocytes (stained green) in the skin of a mouse. Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. [1]
The skin weighs an average of 4 kg (8.8 lb), covers an area of about 2 m 2 (22 sq ft), and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. [1] The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin, the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. [16]
[1] [2] It is one of only three known transmissible cancers in mammals; the others are devil facial tumor disease, a cancer which occurs in Tasmanian devils, and contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamster. The tumor cells are themselves the infectious agents, and the tumors that form are not genetically related to the host dog. [3]