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Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurs when levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exceed the reference range. This group of enzymes has a low substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in a basic environment. The major function of alkaline phosphatase is transporting chemicals across cell membranes. [1]
In the event of a flood, many residents and emergency personal are exposed to unclean water, which can result in several different types of skin conditions.Flood waters contain pathogens and chemicals from coming in contact with raw sewage, oil, gasoline, and household chemicals such as paints (sometimes lead based) and insecticides.
Stasis dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, acute irritant contact eczema and infective dermatitis have been documented as possible triggers, but the exact cause and mechanism is not fully understood. [7] Several other types of id reactions exist including erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, Sweet's syndrome and urticaria. [3]
The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis are very similar to the ones caused by irritant contact dermatitis, which makes the first even harder to diagnose. The first sign of allergic contact dermatitis is the presence of the rash or skin lesion at the site of exposure. [2]
A common anti-malarial medication called chloroquine may cause pruritus for unknown reasons. Other antimalarials like amodiaquine, halofantrine, and hydroxychloroquine have also been linked to pruritus, albeit less frequently and to a lesser extent.
For example, contact dermatitis correlates with locations where allergen has elicited an allergic immune response. Varicella zoster virus is known to recur (after its initial presentation as chicken pox ) as herpes zoster ("shingles").
Dr. Rebecca MacMillan, a vet with over 15 years of experience, says she regularly sees four skin conditions in particular: skin allergies, parasites, acute moist dermatitis, and endocrine disease.
One series of 300 patients with Grover's disease reported an association with other coexisting dermatoses including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and xerosis cutis. [6] More recent reports have indicated a connection with the Pfizer vaccine for Covid-19 [ 7 ] and as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection itself. [ 8 ]