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34βE12, often written as 34betaE12 and also known as CK34βE12 and keratin 903 (CK903), is an antibody specific for high molecular weight cytokeratins 1, 5, 10 and 14. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is sometimes, less precisely, referred to as high-molecular weight keratin ( HMWK ) and high-molecular weight cytokeratin ( HMWCK ).
The term cytokeratin began to be used in the late 1970s, when the protein subunits of keratin intermediate filaments inside cells were first being identified and characterized. [2] In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for mammalian keratins was created, and the proteins previously called cytokeratins are simply called keratins (human ...
Keratin filaments are abundant in keratinocytes in the hornified layer of the epidermis; these are proteins which have undergone keratinization. They are also present in epithelial cells in general. For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14.
At each stage of differentiation, keratinocytes express specific keratins, such as keratin 1, keratin 5, keratin 10, and keratin 14, but also other markers such as involucrin, loricrin, transglutaminase, filaggrin, and caspase 14.
Keratin 14 was the first type I keratin sequence determined. [5] Keratin 14 is also known as cytokeratin-14 (CK-14) or keratin-14 (KRT14). In humans it is encoded by the KRT14 gene. [6] [7] [8] Keratin 14 is usually found as a heterodimer with type II keratin 5 and form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells.
Most of the other contraindications are avoiding cases where a potential side effect exacerbates a pre-existing condition: for example, because oclacitinib can cause lumps or tumors, it should not be used in dogs with cancer or a history of it; [15] because it is an immune system suppressant, it should not be used in dogs with serious infections.
For moderate to severe cases, the affected areas should be hydrated (moisturised) with warm water or compresses for 5-10 minutes. Softening preparations are then applied once a day until the excess keratin is removed. In dogs with severe hyperkeratosis and a significant excess of keratin, it is removed with scissors or a blade.
The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies.An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus.