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Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (literally translated: Intelligence tests on great apes) is a book by Wolfgang Köhler published in 1921. [1] The English version called "The Mentality of Apes", translated by Ella Winter, was published in 1925. [2] With the book Köhler showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight. [1]
Ambiguity tolerance–intolerance was formally introduced in 1949 through an article published by Else Frenkel-Brunswik, who developed the concept in earlier work on ethnocentrism in children [3] In the article which defines the term, she considers, among other evidence, a study of schoolchildren who exhibit prejudice as the basis for the existence of intolerance of ambiguity.
In apes, including humans, heritability estimates of personality dimensions range from 0.07 to 0.63. [24] In horses, heritability estimates range mostly between h 2 =0.15 and h 2 =0.40 for traits assessed in personality tests. Values at this level are considered as "promising" for artificial selection. [25]
Popper underlines the importance of rational argument, drawing attention to the fact that many intolerant philosophies reject rational argument and thus prevent calls for tolerance from being received on equal terms: [1] Less well known [than other paradoxes] is the paradox of tolerance: Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of ...
Kellogg graduated from Indiana in 1922 majoring in philosophy and psychology. Kellogg tried out several jobs, including a journalist, but was persuaded by Luella's uncle to have a go in academia. Kellogg followed this advice enrolling in the psychology program at Columbia University , where he would receive his Master's in 1927 and his ...
The killer ape theory or killer ape hypothesis is the theory that war and interpersonal aggression was the driving force behind human evolution.It was originated by Raymond Dart in his 1953 article "The predatory transition from ape to man"; it was developed further in African Genesis by Robert Ardrey in 1961. [1]
In the book de Waal notes that chimpanzees performed certain social maneuvering behaviors that he thought of as being "Machiavellian". [ 3 ] This hypothesis posits that large brains and distinctive cognitive abilities of primates have evolved via intense social competition in which social competitors developed increasingly sophisticated ...
Shelford's law of tolerance is a principle developed by American zoologist Victor Ernest Shelford in 1911. It states that an organism 's success is based on a complex set of conditions and that each organism has a certain minimum, maximum, and optimum environmental factor or combination of factors that determine success. [ 1 ]