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The Tupi people, a subdivision of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the Amazon rainforest, from about 2,900 years ago the Tupi started to migrate southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast of Southeast Brazil.
Old Tupi is the only indigenous language with a significant presence in the lexicon of the Portuguese spoken in Brazil, as well as in its toponymy and anthroponymy. It also left a legacy in Brazilian literature , such as the lyrical and theatrical poetry of Joseph of Anchieta and the letters of the Camarão Indians .
In addition to descriptive and theoretical works in linguistics, Rodrigues contributed to the study of historical and comparative linguistics of the indígenous languages of the continent, particularly of the Tupi family. He proposed the Je–Tupi–Carib hypothesis, which links Tupí, Macro-Jê and Karíb together as part of the same macrofamily.
Although the Art of Joseph of Anchieta is considered the first grammar of Old Tupi, [3] information regarding the grammar of the language was first published in 1578 by the French Calvinist Jean de Léry, who visited Rio de Janeiro in the mid-1550s and added grammatical explanations as appendix to his travel narrative during the time of Villegaignon's France Antarctique.
The second part is the Tupi–Portuguese dictionary itself, containing nearly eight thousand entry words (or lexemes), making it the most complete Tupi dictionary ever compiled to date. The third part includes a list of two thousand words from Brazilian Portuguese that have their origins in Tupi (mostly place and city names).
However, the Tupi family also comprises other languages. In the neighbouring Spanish colonies, Guarani , another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread of Spanish more successfully than Tupi resisted Portuguese .
I a-ĩ-a A1SG -be- NMLZ peve until xivi puma o-vaẽ A3 -arrive Xee a-ĩ-a peve xivi o-vaẽ I A1SG-be-NMLZ until puma A3-arrive "The puma came as far as where I was staying" (as cited in Estigarribia & Pinta, pg. 241) Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help); Example 2 Ndee You re-ke-a A2SG -sleep- NMLZ ja while a-mba’eapo A1SG -work Ndee re-ke-a ja a-mba’eapo You A2SG-sleep-NMLZ while ...
Old Tupi belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction.