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The Transformers library is a Python package that contains open-source implementations of transformer models for text, image, and audio tasks. It is compatible with the PyTorch , TensorFlow and JAX deep learning libraries and includes implementations of notable models like BERT and GPT-2 . [ 17 ]
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like the original Transformer model, [ 3 ] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers , where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.
Like earlier seq2seq models, the original transformer model used an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder consists of encoding layers that process all the input tokens together one layer after another, while the decoder consists of decoding layers that iteratively process the encoder's output and the decoder's output tokens so far.
BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model (BLOOM) [1] [2] is a 176-billion-parameter transformer-based autoregressive large language model (LLM). The model, as well as the code base and the data used to train it, are distributed under free licences. [ 3 ]
Llama (Large Language Model Meta AI, formerly stylized as LLaMA) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023. [2] [3] The latest version is Llama 3.3, released in December 2024. [4] Llama models are trained at different parameter sizes, ranging between 1B and 405B. [5]
That development led to the emergence of large language models such as BERT (2018) [28] which was a pre-trained transformer (PT) but not designed to be generative (BERT was an "encoder-only" model). Also in 2018, OpenAI published Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training , which introduced GPT-1 , the first in its GPT series.
OpenAI o3 is a reflective generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model developed by OpenAI as a successor to OpenAI o1. It is designed to devote additional deliberation time when addressing questions that require step-by-step logical reasoning. [1] [2] OpenAI released a smaller model, o3-mini, on January 31st, 2025. [3]
The ImageNet training set contained 1.2 million images. The model was trained for 90 epochs over a period of five to six days using two Nvidia GTX 580 GPUs (3GB each). [1] These GPUs have a theoretical performance of 1.581 TFLOPS in float32 and were priced at US$500 upon release. [3] Each forward pass of AlexNet required approximately 4 GFLOPs. [4]