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In a four-level system, any atom in the lower laser level E 2 is also quickly de-excited, leading to a negligible population in that state (N 2 ≈ 0). This is important, since any appreciable population accumulating in level 3, the upper laser level, will form a population inversion with respect to level 2.
Finally, the ground level is reached via another radiationless transfer, making the Pr:YLF laser a 4-level system. [2] Pr:YLF supports lasing at the following wavelengths: 479 nm, 523 nm, 546 nm, 607 nm, 640 nm, 698 nm, 721 nm, 907 nm and 915 nm.
Copper vapor laser. A copper vapor laser (CVL) uses vapors of copper as the lasing medium in a 4-level laser. [1] It produces green laser light at 510.6 nm and yellow laser light at 578.2 nm. The pulse width is typically from 5 to 60 ns, and peak power from 50 to 5000 kW. Its pulse repetition frequencies can be 2 to 100 kHz.
Laser material is radioactive. Once demonstrated in use at LLNL in 1987, room temperature 4 level lasing in 147 Pm doped into a lead-indium-phosphate glass étalon. Chromium-doped chrysoberyl (alexandrite) laser Typically tuned in the range of 700 to 820 nm Flashlamp, laser diode, mercury arc (for CW mode operation)
Class 4 is the highest and most dangerous class of laser, including all lasers that exceed the Class 3B AEL. By definition, a class 4 laser can burn the skin, or cause devastating and permanent eye damage as a result of direct, diffuse or indirect beam viewing. These lasers may ignite combustible materials, and thus may represent a fire risk.
Helium–neon laser at the University of Chemnitz, Germany. A helium–neon laser or He–Ne laser is a type of gas laser whose high energetic gain medium consists of a mixture of helium and neon (ratio between 5:1 and 20:1) at a total pressure of approximately 1 Torr (133 Pa) inside a small electrical discharge.
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