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In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression .
The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation. The mechanism of translation initiation differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The 3' UTR is found immediately following the translation stop codon.
As evidence of its critical role, deletion of the AREs from the 3'UTR in either the TNF gene or GM-CSF gene in mice leads to over expression of each respective gene product, causing dramatic disease phenotypes. [4] [5] AREs have been divided into three classes with different sequences.
The 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) is a region of the DNA which is transcribed into mRNA and becomes the 3′-end of the message, but which does not contain protein coding sequence. Everything between the stop codon and the polyA tail is considered to be 3′-untranslated. The 3′-untranslated region may affect the translation efficiency ...
In protein-coding genes, the exons include both the protein-coding sequence and the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTR). Often the first exon includes both the 5′-UTR and the first part of the coding sequence, but exons containing only regions of 5′-UTR or (more rarely) 3′-UTR occur in some genes, i.e. the UTRs may contain introns. [11]
The 3' UTR contains a terminator sequence, which marks the endpoint for transcription and releases the RNA polymerase. [19] The 5’ UTR binds the ribosome, which translates the protein-coding region into a string of amino acids that fold to form the final protein product.
The 3′ UTR of Betacoronaviruses is approximately 300–500 nucleotides long. The most 5′ structure is the bulged stem-loop (BSL), starting downstream of the N gene stop codon and is essential for viral replication.
The 3' UTR ranges between 400 and 700 nucleotides in length. [2] Its RNA secondary structure is known to be necessary for the viral replication during infection. In contrast to the structurally conserved 5' UTR of flaviviruses , individual structural elements differ between different viruses, which is associated with the host-adaptation.