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For example, the sample diagram does not indicate the physical type of connection between the PCs and the switch, but since a modern LAN is depicted, Ethernet may be assumed. If the same style of line was used in a WAN (wide area network) diagram, however, it may indicate a different type of connection.
The procedure is explained in detail in RFC 1071 "Computing the Internet Checksum". [1] Optimizations are presented in RFC 1624 "Computation of the Internet Checksum via Incremental Update", [ 2 ] to cover the case in routers that need to recompute the header checksum during packet forwarding when only a single field has changed.
Protocols for industrial Ethernet include EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, POWERLINK, SERCOS III, CC-Link IE, and Modbus TCP. [1] [2] Many industrial Ethernet protocols use a modified media access control (MAC) layer to provide low latency and determinism. [1] Some microprocessors provide industrial Ethernet support.
EtherNet/IP is one of the leading industrial protocols in the United States and is widely used in a range of industries including factory, hybrid and process. The EtherNet/IP and CIP technologies are managed by ODVA , Inc., a global trade and standards development organization founded in 1995 with over 300 corporate members.
The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is a framework for organizing the set of communication protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks according to functional criteria.
Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer. [1] A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet." [2] Each frame is separated from the next by an interframe gap.
Internet-layer protocols use IP-based packets. A common design aspect in the internet layer is the robustness principle : "Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send" [ 1 ] as a misbehaving host can deny Internet service to many other users.
Novell NetWare used this frame type by default until the mid-nineties, and since NetWare was then very widespread, while IP was not, at some point in time most of the world's Ethernet traffic ran over "raw" 802.3 carrying IPX. Since NetWare 4.10, NetWare defaults to IEEE 802.2 with LLC (NetWare Frame Type Ethernet_802.2) when using IPX.