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Atropine, a tropane alkaloid, is an enantiomeric mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine [35], with most of its physiological effects due to l-hyoscyamine, the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is an antimuscarinic agent.
Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic [3.2.1] alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. [1] Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae .
Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), [11] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). [12]
Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae, including henbane, mandrake, angel's trumpets, jimsonweed, the sorcerers' tree, and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).
In the United States, drugs containing tropane alkaloids such as atropine are prescription-only, and the FDA regards any over-the-counter products claiming efficacy and safety as an anticholinergic drug, to be illegal.
The most common plants containing anticholinergic alkaloids (including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine among others) are: Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) Brugmansia species; Datura species; Garrya species; Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
Tropane alkaloids (Scopolamine, Atropine) Datura. Also known as 'thorn apple', 'devil's trumpets', 'loco weed', and 'Jimson weed'. Scopolamine and Atropine are both anticholinergics [131] [132] which produce hallucinogenic and deliriant effects. It has an extensive history of being used recreationally. [133] Cytisine. Dermatophyllum. Nicotine ...
Tropine is a central building block of many chemicals active in the nervous system, including tropane alkaloids. Some of these compounds, such as long-acting muscarinic antagonists are used as medicines because of these effects. [5]
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