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The structure-activity relationship of the drug class has been explored to a reasonable extent. The optimal substitution pattern is fairly tightly defined (i.e. N,N-diethyl on the amine nitrogen, 4-ethoxy on the benzyl ring and 5-nitro on the benzimidazole ring), but even derivatives incorporating only some of these features are still potent opioids.
Etonitazene, also known as EA-4941 or CS-4640, [2] is a benzimidazole opioid, first reported in 1957, [3] that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the potency of morphine in animals.
Methylenedioxynitazene (3',4'-Methylenedioxynitazene) is a benzimidazole derivative which has been sold as a designer drug over the internet and presumably has opioid effects. It is an analogue of etonitazene where the benzyl ring is substituted with a 3,4-methylenedioxy ring system rather than an ethoxy group. It was first reported in the UK ...
Benzimidazole is a base: C 6 H 4 N(NH)CH + H + → [C 6 H 4 (NH) 2 CH] + It can also be deprotonated with stronger bases: C 6 H 4 N(NH)CH + LiH → Li [C 6 H 4 N 2 CH] + H 2. The imine can be alkylated and also serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. The most prominent benzimidazole complex features N-ribosyl-dimethylbenzimidazole, as ...
Butonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug.It has relatively low potency compared to many related compounds, and has generally been encountered as a component of mixtures with other substances rather than in its pure form.
N-Desethylisotonitazene (norisotonitazene) is a benzimidazole opioid with potent analgesic effects which has been sold as a designer drug.It was first identified in 2023 as an active metabolite of the closely related compound isotonitazene, and was found to have similar potency.
Benzydamine (also known as Tantum Verde and branded in some countries as Maxtra Gargle, Difflam and Septabene), available as the hydrochloride salt, is a locally acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties for pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatment of inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat. [2]
Maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs) for fresh produce in the EU are between 0.1 and 0.7 mg/kg with the exception of loquat fruits, which is set at 2 mg/kg. [8] The limits for more commonly consumed citrus and pome fruits are between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. Use of this fungicide on macadamia plantations has proven controversial in Queensland. [4]