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Blue: The spread of the Beeldenstorm in the Low Countries. Brown: the independent Prince-Bishopric of Liège (Luik).. On 10 August 1566, the feast-day of Saint Lawrence, at the end of the pilgrimage from Hondschoote to Steenvoorde, the chapel of the Sint-Laurensklooster ("Saint Lawrence monastery") was defaced by a crowd who invaded the building.
The first act of Muslim iconoclasm dates to the beginning of Islam, in 630, when the various statues of Arabian deities housed in the Kaaba in Mecca were destroyed. There is a tradition that Muhammad spared a fresco of Mary and Jesus. [56] This act was intended to bring an end to the idolatry which, in the Muslim view, characterized Jahiliyyah.
The First Iconoclasm, [1] as it is sometimes called, occurred between about 726 and 787, while the Second Iconoclasm occurred between 814 and 842. [2] According to the traditional view, Byzantine Iconoclasm was started by a ban on religious images promulgated by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian , [ 3 ] and continued under his ...
The Council of Hieria was a Christian council of 754 which viewed itself as ecumenical, but was later rejected by the Second Council of Nicaea (787) and by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, since four of the five major patriarchs refused to participate.
[1] [2] Under the later coming threat of Islamic conquest, the Triumph of Orthodoxy on the first Sunday of Great Lent was created to be a reminder of perseverance that led to the end of the Byzantine Iconoclasm. [2] The celebration was created to reassure the people that Muslim conquest would not happen and that the Byzantine Empire would ...
In reaction to that, the idolatrous misuse of icons was criticized and by the beginning of the 8th century some radical forms of criticism (iconoclasm) were also starting to emerge, arguing not only against adoration of icons, but also against any form of adoration and use of icons in religious life.
People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called iconoclasts, a term that has come to be figuratively applied to any individual who challenges "cherished beliefs or venerated institutions on the grounds that they are erroneous or pernicious." [1
Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions. The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is: 2 H 2 O + 2 NADP + + 3ADP + 3P i → O 2 + 2 H + + 2NADPH + 3ATP. PSI and PSII are light-harvesting complexes.