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The simplest probabilistic primality test is the Fermat primality test (actually a compositeness test). It works as follows: Given an integer n, choose some integer a coprime to n and calculate a n − 1 modulo n. If the result is different from 1, then n is composite. If it is 1, then n may be prime.
Using fast algorithms for modular exponentiation and multiprecision multiplication, the running time of this algorithm is O(k log 2 n log log n) = Õ(k log 2 n), where k is the number of times we test a random a, and n is the value we want to test for primality; see Miller–Rabin primality test for details.
To test the divisibility of a number by a power of 2 or a power of 5 (2 n or 5 n, in which n is a positive integer), one only need to look at the last n digits of that number. To test divisibility by any number expressed as the product of prime factors p 1 n p 2 m p 3 q {\displaystyle p_{1}^{n}p_{2}^{m}p_{3}^{q}} , we can separately test for ...
A Perrin microcosm: the escape time algorithm is applied to the Newton map of the entire Perrin function F(z) around critical point z = 1.225432 with viewport width 0.05320. The basins of attraction emanating from the centre correspond to the infinite number of real (left) and complex roots (right) F(z) = 0.
The AKS primality test (also known as Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and published by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena, computer scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, on August 6, 2002, in an article titled "PRIMES is in P". [1]
By the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, every positive integer has a unique prime factorization. (By convention, 1 is the empty product.) Testing whether the integer is prime can be done in polynomial time, for example, by the AKS primality test. If composite, however, the polynomial time tests give no insight into how to obtain the factors.
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The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a probabilistic primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number is likely to be prime, similar to the Fermat primality test and the Solovay–Strassen primality test. It is of historical significance in the search for a polynomial-time deterministic ...
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