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Phytophthora (from Greek φυτόν (phytón), "plant" and φθορά (phthorá), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species cause economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. The cell wall of Phytophthora is made up of cellulose.
The fungal cell wall is made of a chitin-glucan complex; while glucans are also found in plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods, [36] fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural molecules in their cell wall. Unlike those of plants and oomycetes, fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose. [37] [38]
Anton de Bary and H. Marshall Ward had previously shown in other soft rots that the damage was partly due to breakdown of the plant cell wall structure by an unidentified enzyme and partly from the fungus killing the plant protoplasts. Brown identified fungal pectinase enzymes produced at the ends of young hyphae (filaments) as the cause of ...
1885; Experimental proof that bacteria can cause plant diseases: Erwinia amylovora and fire blight of apple [1] 1886–1898; Recognition of plant viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus [1] 1889; Introduction of hot water treatment of seed for disease control by J. L. Jensen [1]
Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases. [ 5 ] Toxins : These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
References to diseases now known to be caused by phytoplasmas can be found as far back as 1603 (mulberry dwarf disease in Japan). [4]Such diseases were originally thought to be caused by viruses, which, like phytoplasmas, require insect vectors and cannot be cultured.
The other disease called flacherie caused silkworms to become dark brown. Pébrine was thought to be a form of flacherie since it caused brown dots on the silkworms. [49] [56] But, Pasteur discovered Pébrine and flacherie were separate diseases. Pasteur claimed bacteria within the silkworms' intestinal track caused flacherie.
A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665. [3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.