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Gaul (Latin: Gallia) [1] was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
The Chemin de Cocaigne was a Gallo-Roman way of Gaul in what is now France, later restored under the Carolingians, running from the Cotentin peninsula of what would become Normandy, skirting Brittany, to Gascony in the southwest of Gaul, beyond Aquitaine. The section called the chemin gravelais ("gravelled road") linked Normandy and Anjou.
Map of Gaul c.59 BC, showing Gallic tribes in green, and the Roman Republic in yellow. The Gauls were made up of many tribes who controlled a particular territory and often built large fortified settlements called oppida. After completing the conquest of Gaul, the Roman Empire made most of these tribes civitates.
Map of Briton settlements in the 6th-century, including what became Brittany and Britonia (in Spain). Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (4.17.105), claims that Armorica was the older name for Aquitania and states Armorica's southern boundary extended to the Pyrenees. Taking into account the Gaulish origin of the name, that is perfectly ...
Étretat, falaise d'aval and the needle Beeches grown as a wind break around a now derelict farm on the Pays de Caux plateau. The Pays de Caux is a plateau of Upper Cretaceous chalk, like that which forms the North and South Downs in southern England. Its surface is an undulating plateau but the seaward side has been eroded by the waves so that ...
Normandy (French: Normandie; Norman: Normaundie or Nouormandie) [note 2] is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular Normandy (mostly the British Channel Islands).
Inset: cross shows location of Alesia in Gaul (modern France). The circle shows the weakness in the north-western section of the fortifications. Alesia was the capital of the Mandubii, one of the Gallic tribes allied with the Aedui. The Celtic oppidum was conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars and afterwards became a Gallo-Roman town.
Normandy was a province in the North-West of what later became France under the Ancien Régime which lasted until the later part of the 18th century. Initially populated by Celtic tribes in the West and Belgic tribes in the North East, it was conquered in AD 98 by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus .