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Indirect propagation: Radio waves can reach points beyond the line-of-sight by diffraction and reflection. [13] Diffraction causes radio waves to bend around obstructions such as a building edge, a vehicle, or a turn in a hall. Radio waves also partially reflect from surfaces such as walls, floors, ceilings, vehicles and the ground.
The received signal having two components, the LOS component and the reflection component formed predominantly by a single ground reflected wave. The 2-ray ground reflection model is a simplified propagation model used to estimate the path loss between a transmitter and a receiver in wireless communication systems, in order to estimate the ...
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. [1]: 26‑1 As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. [2]
Friis' original idea behind his transmission formula was to dispense with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of antenna capture area as one of two important parts of the transmission formula that characterizes the behavior of a free-space radio circuit.
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Pages in category "Radio frequency propagation" ... List of European medium wave transmitters;
The Okumura model is a radio propagation model that was built using data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities with many urban structures but not many tall blocking structures. The model served as a base for the Hata model. The Okumura model was built into three modes: for urban, suburban and open areas ...
The COST Hata model is a radio propagation model (i.e. path loss) that extends the urban Hata model (which in turn is based on the Okumura model) to cover a more elaborated range of frequencies (up to 2 GHz).
The ionosphere can be described as an area of the atmosphere in which radio waves on shortwave bands are refracted or reflected back to Earth. As a result of this reflection, which is often key in the long-distance propagation of radio waves, some of the shortwave signal strength is decreased.