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One PDP context may have several (secondary) PDP contexts and NSAPI. The NSAPI is an integer value within the PDP context header. In the UMTS system the data connection between a GPRS Core Network and a mobile station is identified using an NSAPI, that identifies as well a radio access bearer.
The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an ...
When the station is attached to the GPRS network, the SGSN keeps track of which routing area (RA) the station is attached to. An RA is a part of a larger location area (LA). When a station is paged this information is used to conserve network resources. When the station performs a PDP context, the SGSN has the exact BTS the station is using. Gx
It performs the multiple PDP Context PDU transfers and it also ensures that NPDUs from each PDP Context are transmitted to the LLC layer in sufficient time to maintain the QoS. SNDCP provides services to the higher layers which may include connectionless and connection-oriented mode, compression, multiplexing and segmentation.
As the GPRS standard is an extension of GSM capabilities, the service operates on the 2G and 3G cellular communication GSM frequencies. [10] [12] GPRS devices can typically use (one or more) of the frequencies within one of the frequency bands the radio supports (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz). Depending on the device, location and intended use ...
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of mobile communications protocol group 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard.. SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, but with a simplified architecture; an all-IP Network (AIPN); support for higher throughput and lower latency radio access networks (RANs); and support for, and mobility between, multiple ...
In Honduras, the business-lending arm of the World Bank aligned itself with a key player in a land dispute that has left more than 130 people dead, including Gregorio Chávez, a preacher who went out to tend his garden one day and didn’t come back. In the last decade, the International Finance Corp.’s lending and influence has soared, even as it has embraced financing methods that shield ...
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a 3G mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. [1] Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunication Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for networks based on the competing cdmaOne technology.