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The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, [1] "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. [2]
List of unsolved problems in statistics; Probability. Topic outline of probability; List of probability topics. Catalog of articles in probability theory;
Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical and social sciences, humanities, [2] and business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.
In the previous example, it is possible that some users have more than one Twitter account, and are more likely to be included in the poll than Twitter users with only one account. [ 4 ] Longitudinal studies are particularly susceptible to undercoverage, since the population being studied in a longitudinal survey can change over time. [ 6 ]
Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. [1]
One effect of publication bias is sometimes called the file-drawer effect, or file-drawer problem. This term suggests that negative results, those that do not support the initial hypotheses of researchers are often "filed away" and go no further than the researchers' file drawers, leading to a bias in published research. [ 13 ]
This method provides a partial solution to many of the problems inherent in the test-retest reliability method. For example, since the two forms of the test are different, carryover effect is less of a problem. Reactivity effects are also partially controlled; although taking the first test may change responses to the second test.
Statistical inference makes propositions about a population, using data drawn from the population with some form of sampling.Given a hypothesis about a population, for which we wish to draw inferences, statistical inference consists of (first) selecting a statistical model of the process that generates the data and (second) deducing propositions from the model.