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The level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect a newborn baby's body size and composition. [14] Iodine deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring, and some cases cause extreme physical and intellectual disability. This affects the children's ability to achieve their full potential.
Soil structure affects aeration, water movement, conduction of heat, plant root growth and resistance to erosion. [26] Water, in turn, has a strong effect on soil structure, directly via the dissolution and precipitation of minerals, the mechanical destruction of aggregates [27] and indirectly by promoting plant, animal and microbial growth.
Wind throw is the toppling of a tree due to the force of the wind, this exposes the root plate and adjacent soil beneath the tree and influences slope stability. Wind throw is a factor when considering one tree on a slope; however, it is of lesser importance when considering general slope stability for a body of trees as the wind forces involved represent a smaller percentage of the potential ...
The number of underweight children has decreased since 1990, from 33 percent to 28 percent between 1990 and 2004. [2] Underweight and stunted children are more susceptible to infection, more likely to fall behind in academics and develop non-infectious diseases, ultimately affecting their livelihood. [107]
[2] [49] [26] [1] [3] [50] [51] It adversely affects physical and mental functioning, and causes changes in body composition and body cell mass. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Undernutrition is a major health problem, causing the highest mortality rate in children, particularly in those under 5 years, and is responsible for long-lasting physiologic effects. [ 54 ]
The body mass index, a ratio of a person's weight to their height, has traditionally been used to assess the health of a person as it pertains to weight: under the cut-off point at a BMI of 18.5, a person is considered underweight. [2]
The effect of pH on a soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of aluminium and manganese . [ 116 ] As a result of a trade-off between toxicity and requirement most nutrients are better available to plants at moderate pH, [ 117 ] although most minerals are more soluble ...
Specific soil management practices that affect soil health include: [17] Controlling traffic on the soil surface helps to reduce soil compaction, which can reduce aeration and water infiltration. Planting cover crops that keep the soil anchored and covered in off-seasons so that the soil is not eroded by wind and rain.