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The expansion of the universe can be understood as resulting from an initial condition in which the contents of the universe are flying apart. The mutual gravitational attraction of the matter and radiation within the universe gradually slows this expansion over time, but their density is too low to prevent continued expansion.
English: Expansion of the universe, comoving coordinate grid Horizontal axis: Comoving distance in billion light years. Vertical axes: time since Big Bang in billions of years Shown are the Particle Horizon RP (green), Event Horizon RE (magenta), Hubble Radius RH (blue). Past and future light cones RL (orange) are animated.
The timeline in this schematic diagram extends from the Big Bang/inflation era 13.8 billion years ago to the present cosmological time. Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time.
Timeline of the expansion of the universe, where space, including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch ; and at the center, the expansion accelerates (artist's concept; neither time nor size are to scale).
English: Expansion of the universe, proper distances diagram (Animation). Horizontal axis: Proper distance in billion light years. Vertical axes: time since Big Bang in billions of years Shown are the Particle Horizon rP (green), Event Horizon rE (magenta), Hubble Radius rH (blue). Past and future light cones rL (orange) are animated.
The thinning of matter over time reduces the ability of the matter to gravitationally decelerate the expansion of the universe; in contrast, dark energy is a constant factor tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. The universe's expansion passed an inflection point about five or six billion years ago when the universe entered the ...
The observable universe is a spherical region of the universe consisting of all matter that can be observed from Earth; the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the ...
Note we use conformal time in the following diagrams. Conformal time describes the amount of time it would take a photon to travel from the location of the observer to the farthest observable distance (if the universe stopped expanding right now). The blue circle is the CMB surface which we observe at the time of last scattering.