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Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism. In animals, it is the movement of air from the lungs out of the airways, to the external environment during breathing. This happens due to elastic properties of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles which lower the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume.
Pulmonology, pediatrics. Apnea (also spelled apnoea in British English), [1] is the temporary cessation of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, [citation needed] and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged. Depending on how blocked the airways are (patency), there may or may not be a flow of ...
The control of ventilation is the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration.
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, its force of contraction, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. [ 2 ] This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed-and-breed" [ 4 ] activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination ...
The muscles of respiration are the muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation, by aiding in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm and, to a lesser extent, the intercostal muscles drive respiration during quiet breathing. The elasticity of these muscles is crucial to the health of the respiratory system ...
General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is a method of medically inducing loss of consciousness that renders a patient unarousable even with painful stimuli. [ 5 ] This effect is achieved by administering either intravenous or inhalational general anaesthetic medications, which often act in combination with an analgesic and ...
Other names. Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion (PVFM) or Paradoxical Vocal Cord Movement (PVCM) Specialty. Otorhinolaryngology. Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a pathology affecting the vocal folds (commonly referred to as the vocal cords) [ 1 ] characterized by full or partial vocal fold closure causing difficulty and distress during respiration ...