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  2. Stuck-at fault - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck-at_fault

    This is because CMOS may experience a failure mode known as a stuck-open fault, which cannot be reliably detected with one test vector and requires that two vectors be applied sequentially. The model also fails to detect bridging faults between adjacent signal lines, occurring in pins that drive bus connections and array structures.

  3. BIOS interrupt call - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS_interrupt_call

    BIOS interrupt calls perform hardware control or I/O functions requested by a program, return system information to the program, or do both. A key element of the purpose of BIOS calls is abstraction - the BIOS calls perform generally defined functions, and the specific details of how those functions are executed on the particular hardware of the system are encapsulated in the BIOS and hidden ...

  4. Power-on self-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test

    Typical POST screen (AMI BIOS) Summary screen after POST and before booting an operating system (AMI BIOS) A power-on self-test (POST) is a process performed by firmware or software routines immediately after a computer or other digital electronic device is powered on. [1]

  5. Memory Reference Code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Reference_Code

    The MRC in the system BIOS needs to know the specification of the attached system memory. Most of this info should be contained in the onboard SPD . With this in mind care needs to be taken when programming the appropriate values into the SPD [the part of a memory module that contains its operating requirements and specification].

  6. Watchdog timer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer

    A watchdog timer (WDT, or simply a watchdog), sometimes called a computer operating properly timer (COP timer), [1] is an electronic or software timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions. Watchdog timers are widely used in computers to facilitate automatic correction of temporary hardware faults, and to prevent errant ...

  7. ECC memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory

    The BIOS in some computers, when matched with operating systems such as some versions of Linux, BSD, and Windows (Windows 2000 and later [13]), allows counting of detected and corrected memory errors, in part to help identify failing memory modules before the problem becomes catastrophic.

  8. Image sensor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor

    A micrograph of the corner of the photosensor array of a webcam digital camera Image sensor (upper left) on the motherboard of a Nikon Coolpix L2 6 MP. The two main types of digital image sensors are the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), fabricated in complementary MOS (CMOS) or N-type MOS (NMOS or Live MOS) technologies.

  9. Defective pixel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective_pixel

    In some cases, a manufacturer sends all screens to sale then replaces the screen if the customer reports the unit as faulty and the defective pixels meet their minimum requirements for return. [1] Some screens come with a leaflet stating how many dead pixels they are allowed to have before the owner can send them back to the manufacturer.