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  2. Long short-term memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory

    Long short-term memory (LSTM) [1] is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem [2] commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models , and other sequence learning methods.

  3. Recurrent neural network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network

    A multiple timescales recurrent neural network (MTRNN) is a neural-based computational model that can simulate the functional hierarchy of the brain through self-organization depending on the spatial connection between neurons and on distinct types of neuron activities, each with distinct time properties.

  4. Connectionist temporal classification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionist_temporal...

    CTC scores can then be used with the back-propagation algorithm to update the neural network weights. Alternative approaches to a CTC-fitted neural network include a hidden Markov model (HMM). In 2009, a Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC)-trained LSTM network was the first RNN to win pattern recognition contests when it won several ...

  5. Transformer (deep learning architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning...

    For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...

  6. Jürgen Schmidhuber - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jürgen_Schmidhuber

    This led to the long short-term memory (LSTM), a type of recurrent neural network. The name LSTM was introduced in a tech report (1995) leading to the most cited LSTM publication (1997), co-authored by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber. [19] It was not yet the standard LSTM architecture which is used in almost all current applications. The standard ...

  7. Types of artificial neural networks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_artificial_neural...

    Some artificial neural networks are adaptive systems and are used for example to model populations and environments, which constantly change. Neural networks can be hardware- (neurons are represented by physical components) or software-based (computer models), and can use a variety of topologies and learning algorithms.

  8. Neural network (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine...

    In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net, abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in animal brains. [1] [2] An ANN consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in the brain. Artificial ...

  9. Training, validation, and test data sets - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training,_validation,_and...

    A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]