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Duct resection has been traditionally used to treat the condition; the original Hadfield procedure has been improved many times but long-term success rate remains poor even for radical surgery. [8] Petersen even suggests that damage caused by previous surgery is a frequent cause of subareolar abscesses. [9]
A seroma is usually caused by surgery. Seromas are particularly common after breast surgery [3] (e.g., mastectomy), [4] abdominal surgery, and reconstructive surgery. It can also be seen after neck surgery, [1] thyroid and parathyroid surgery, [5] and hernia repair. [2] The larger the surgical intervention, the more likely that seromas form.
Possible complications of the procedure include nipple tip necrosis, [5] in which case further surgery may become necessary to recreate the nipple. [9] A further complication is altered sensation, shape, size and color of the nipple, including nipple inversion. [5] Furthermore, infection or hematoma may occur.
The combined effects of radiation and breast cancer surgery can in particular lead to complications such as breast fibrosis, secondary lymphoedema (which may occur in the arm, the breast or the chest, in particular after axillary lymph node dissection [5] [6]), breast asymmetry, and chronic/recurrent breast cellulitis, each of these having long ...
Nonpuerperal breast abscesses have a higher rate of recurrence compared to puerperal breast abscesses. [6] There is a high statistical correlation of nonpuerperal breast abscess with diabetes mellitus (DM). On this basis, it has recently been suggested that diabetes screening should be performed on patients with such abscesses. [7] [8]
Hematoma can also be a consequence of breast surgery, usually due to post-operative bleeding. Bleeding may occur shortly after the intervention or a number of days later and can occur for cosmetic surgery (for example breast reduction or breast enhancement) and for non-cosmetic surgery (for example lymph node removal, lumpectomy, or mastectomy).
A breast abscess is a collection of pus that develops in the breast with various causes. [14] During lactation, breast abscess develops only rarely, most sources cite about 0.4–0.5% of breastfeeding women. [8] Known risk factors are age over 30, primiparous (first birth) and late delivery. No correlation was found with smoking status; however ...
The purpose of a drain is to prevent fluid (blood or other) build-up in a closed ("dead") space, [2] which may cause either disruption of the wound and the healing process or become an infected abscess, with either scenario possibly requiring a formal drainage/repair procedure (and possibly another trip to the operating room).