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Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. A number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical and methods to various disciplines. Certain topics have "statistical" in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis.
[2] [3] [4] Al-Kindi also made the earliest known use of statistical inference. [1] 13th century – An important contribution of Ibn Adlan was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. [1] 13th century – the first known calculation of the probability for throwing 3 dices is published in the Latin poem De vetula.
Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using probabilities, hence the connection with probability theory. The large requirements of data processing have made statistics a key application of computing. A number of statistical concepts have an important impact on a wide range of sciences.
While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is generally concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision-making in the face of uncertainty. [12] [13] Statistics is indexed at 62, a subclass of probability theory and stochastic processes, in the Mathematics Subject Classification. [14]
(seeing data as numbers in context, reading charts, graphs and tables, understanding numerical and graphical summaries of data, etc.) Statistics as a way of understanding the world: Can I use existing data to help make decisions? (using census data, birth and death rates, disease rates, CPI, ratings, rankings, etc., to describe, decide and defend)
Statistics is a field of inquiry that studies the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines , from the physical and social sciences to the humanities ; it is also used and misused for making informed decisions in all areas of business and government .
Statistical inference makes propositions about a population, using data drawn from the population with some form of sampling.Given a hypothesis about a population, for which we wish to draw inferences, statistical inference consists of (first) selecting a statistical model of the process that generates the data and (second) deducing propositions from the model.
Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences: Nightingale, Florence: English: 1820: 1910: Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion.