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  2. Verhoeff algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhoeff_algorithm

    Verhoeff had the goal of finding a decimal code—one where the check digit is a single decimal digit—which detected all single-digit errors and all transpositions of adjacent digits. At the time, supposed proofs of the nonexistence [6] of these codes made base-11 codes popular, for example in the ISBN check digit.

  3. Checksum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum

    The content of such spam may often vary in its details, which would render normal checksumming ineffective. By contrast, a "fuzzy checksum" reduces the body text to its characteristic minimum, then generates a checksum in the usual manner. This greatly increases the chances of slightly different spam emails producing the same checksum.

  4. Check digit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_digit

    The final digit of a Universal Product Code, International Article Number, Global Location Number or Global Trade Item Number is a check digit computed as follows: [3] [4]. Add the digits in the odd-numbered positions from the left (first, third, fifth, etc.—not including the check digit) together and multiply by three.

  5. Damm algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damm_algorithm

    The Damm algorithm is similar to the Verhoeff algorithm.It too will detect all occurrences of the two most frequently appearing types of transcription errors, namely altering a single digit or transposing two adjacent digits (including the transposition of the trailing check digit and the preceding digit).

  6. Haig–Simons income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig–Simons_income

    Haig–Simons income or Schanz–Haig–Simons income is an income measure used by public finance economists to analyze economic well-being which defines income as consumption plus change in net worth. [1] [2] It is represented by the mathematical formula: I = C + ΔNW. where C = consumption and ΔNW = change in net worth.

  7. National identification number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identification_number

    Z is a checksum digit. As an example, the ID Number 500015009087 would be assigned to a citizen born on 5 July 1998, who was the tenth male to be registered that day (the first male's number would contain 5000, the second 5001, etc.) The checksum digit is calculated using the Luhn algorithm [5] or its equivalent, shown below:

  8. What is a certified check? Definition, uses and cost - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/certified-check-definition...

    Definition, uses and cost. Matthew Goldberg. December 19, 2023 at 12:35 PM. Portions of this article were drafted using an in-house natural language generation platform.

  9. Glossary of economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_economics

    Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...