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Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, may cause galactorrhea (production and spontaneous flow of breast milk), infertility, and menstrual disruptions in women. In men, it can lead to hypogonadism, infertility and erectile dysfunction. Prolactin is crucial for milk production during pregnancy and lactation.
The symptoms due to a prolactinoma are broadly divided into those that are caused by increased prolactin levels or mass effect. Those that are caused by increased prolactin levels are: [2] [3] amenorrhea (disappearance of ovulation periods) galactorrhea (breastmilk production; infrequent in men) loss of axillary and pubic hair
When symptoms are present, medical therapy is the treatment of choice. Patients with hyperprolactinemia and no symptoms (idiopathic or microprolactinoma) can be monitored without treatment. Consider treatment for women with amenorrhea. In addition, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning should be considered to evaluate bone density.
Research shows that male androgenetic alopecia is the most common form of hair loss in men, affecting as much as 30 to 50 percent of men by age 50. But age isn’t the only factor involved in ...
You may notice sudden hair loss, gradual hair loss, or hair loss that gets better or worse over time. Essentially, alopecia in women can look quite different from one person to the next. Common ...
Prolactin and its receptor are expressed in the skin, specifically in the hair follicles, where they regulate hair growth and moulting in an autocrine fashion. [29] [30] Elevated levels of prolactin can inhibit hair growth, [31] and knock-out mutations in the prolactin gene cause increased hair length in cattle [32] and mice. [30]
It is more common in women than men. [4] Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation. [1] [2] Complications may include high blood cholesterol and diabetes. [4] It occurs in approximately 5% of women of reproductive age. [2]
Around 10–40% of males with Graves' disease (a common form of hyperthyroidism) experience gynecomastia. [26] Increased conversion of testosterone to estrogen by increased aromatase activity, [ 7 ] increased levels of SHBG and increased production of testosterone and estradiol by the testes due to elevated levels of LH cause the gynecomastia.
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