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A standard TTL input at logic "1" is normally operated assuming a source current of 40 μA, and a voltage level above 2.4 V, allowing a pull-up resistor of no more than 50 kohms; whereas the TTL input at logic "0" will be expected to sink 1.6 mA at a voltage below 0.8 V, requiring a pull-down resistor less than 500 ohms. [2]
For empty freight cars with axle loads of 5.5 tonnes, Crr goes up to 0.00020 at 60 km/h but at a low speed of 20 km/h it increases to 0.00024 and at a high speed (for freight trains) of 120 km/h it is 0.00028. The Crr obtained above is added to the Crr of the other components to obtain the total Crr for the wheels.
Higher operating speeds require lower resistor values for faster pull-up, which consume even more power. Also when driving a load, current through the pull-up resistor reduces the output high voltage by a voltage drop equal to the current times resistance, according to Ohm's law.
If all the input voltages are low (logical "0"), the transistor is cut-off. The pull-down resistor R 1 biases the transistor to the appropriate on-off threshold. The output is inverted since the collector-emitter voltage of transistor Q 1 is taken as output, and is high when the inputs are low. Thus, the analog resistive network and the analog ...
All cathodes are connected to the output, which has a pull-down resistor. If any input is high, its diode will be forward-biased and conduct current, and thus pull the output voltage high [b]. If all inputs are low, all diodes will be reverse-biased and so none will conduct current. The pull-down resistor will quickly pull the output voltage low.
The voltage drop across any resistor depends on the current flowing; in a circuit, currents can change and consequently the voltages at specific points in that circuit may go up at one end of what is called a pull-up resistor, or down at one end of what is called a pull-down resistor. 70.27.152.243 19:57, 20 July 2016 (UTC)
A digital use of a push–pull configuration is the output of TTL and related families. The upper transistor is functioning as an active pull-up, in linear mode, while the lower transistor works digitally. For this reason they are not capable of sourcing as much current as they can sink (typically 20 times less).
The MOSFETs are n-type enhancement mode transistors, arranged in a so-called "pull-down network" (PDN) between the logic gate output and negative supply voltage (typically the ground). A pull up (i.e. a "load" that can be thought of as a resistor, see below) is placed between the positive supply voltage and each logic gate output.