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A standard TTL input at logic "1" is normally operated assuming a source current of 40 μA, and a voltage level above 2.4 V, allowing a pull-up resistor of no more than 50 kohms; whereas the TTL input at logic "0" will be expected to sink 1.6 mA at a voltage below 0.8 V, requiring a pull-down resistor less than 500 ohms. [2]
For empty freight cars with axle loads of 5.5 tonnes, Crr goes up to 0.00020 at 60 km/h but at a low speed of 20 km/h it increases to 0.00024 and at a high speed (for freight trains) of 120 km/h it is 0.00028. The Crr obtained above is added to the Crr of the other components to obtain the total Crr for the wheels.
Depletion-load circuits consume less power than enhancement-load circuits at the same speed. In both cases the connection to 1 is always active, even when the connection to 0 is also active. This results in high static power consumption. The amount of waste depends on the strength, or physical size, of the pull-up.
If all the input voltages are low (logical "0"), the transistor is cut-off. The pull-down resistor R 1 biases the transistor to the appropriate on-off threshold. The output is inverted since the collector-emitter voltage of transistor Q 1 is taken as output, and is high when the inputs are low. Thus, the analog resistive network and the analog ...
An active-low OR diode logic gate is formed by a keypad containing diodes at each switch, all connected to a shared pull-up resistor. When no switch is closed, the pull-up keeps the output high. But when the switch for any key connects to ground, the output goes low. This OR result can be used as an interrupt signal to indicate that any key has ...
The purpose is to reduce the overall power demand compared to using both a strong pull-up and a strong pull-down. [10] A pure open-drain driver, by comparison, has no pull-up strength except for leakage current: all the pull-up action is on the external termination resistor.
Drawbar pull is the difference between tractive effort available and tractive effort required to overcome resistance at a specified speed. Drawbar pull data for a vehicle is usually determined by measuring the amount of available tractive force using a dynamometer , and then combining that data with coastdown [ 1 ] data to obtain the available ...
A digital use of a push–pull configuration is the output of TTL and related families. The upper transistor is functioning as an active pull-up, in linear mode, while the lower transistor works digitally. For this reason they are not capable of sourcing as much current as they can sink (typically 20 times less).