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If the blood glucose level falls to dangerously low levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a peptide hormone which travels through the blood to the liver, where it binds to glucagon receptors on the surface of liver cells and stimulates them to break down glycogen stored inside the cells into glucose (this ...
The glycemic index of a food is defined as the incremental area under the two-hour blood glucose response curve following a 12-hour fast and ingestion of a food with a certain quantity of available carbohydrate (usually 50 g). The AUC of the test food is divided by the AUC of the standard (either glucose or white bread, giving two different ...
AIDA is a freeware computer program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose profiles for demonstration, teaching, self-learning, and research purposes. [1] Originally developed in 1991, [ 2 ] it has been updated and enhanced since, and made available without charge from 1996 on the World Wide Web . [ 3 ]
Glycemic load accounts for how much carbohydrate is in the food and how much each gram of carbohydrate in the food raises blood glucose levels. Glycemic load is based on the glycemic index (GI), and is calculated by multiplying the weight of available carbohydrate in the food (in grams) by the food's glycemic index, and then dividing by 100.
[1] [3] The goal is to consume 10–20 grams of a carbohydrate to raise blood glucose levels to a minimum of 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). [3] [2] If a person is not able to take food by mouth, glucagon by injection or insufflation may help. [1] [3] [9] The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes includes treating the underlying problem. [3] [2]
The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load. In addition, the glucose tolerance test, consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake, is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes .
G-6-P is most commonly created from glucose by the action of the enzymes glucokinase (see glycolysis step 1) or hexokinase. Through the action of several enzymes glycogen is built up: G-6-P is converted into glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) by the action of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), passing through the obligatory intermediate glucose-1,6-bisphosphate.
A single glucose molecule is cleaved from a branch of glycogen, and is transformed into glucose-1-phosphate during this process. [1] This molecule can then be converted to glucose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway. [1] Glucose-6-phosphate can then progress through glycolysis. [1]
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