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  2. Address space layout randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout...

    Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is a computer security technique involved in preventing exploitation of memory corruption vulnerabilities. [1] In order to prevent an attacker from reliably redirecting code execution to, for example, a particular exploited function in memory, ASLR randomly arranges the address space positions of key data areas of a process, including the base of the ...

  3. Offset (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_(computer_science)

    An odd offset would cause a program check (unless the base register itself also contained an odd address)—since instructions had to be aligned on half-word boundaries to execute without a program or hardware interrupt. The previous example describes an indirect way to address to a memory location in the format of segment:offset.

  4. Base address - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_address

    In computing, a base address is an address serving as a reference point ("base") for other addresses. Related addresses can be accessed using an addressing scheme.. Under the relative addressing scheme, to obtain an absolute address, the relevant base address is taken and an offset (aka displacement) is added to it.

  5. ModR/M - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ModR/M

    Under MIB addressing, the base and displacement are used to compute an effective address as base + displacement. [ 1 ] : §3.1.1.3 The register specified by the SIB byte's INDEX field does not participate in this effective-address calculation, but is instead treated as a separate input argument to the instructions using this addressing mode.

  6. Addressing mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode

    Computer architectures vary greatly as to the number of addressing modes they provide in hardware. There are some benefits to eliminating complex addressing modes and using only one or a few simpler addressing modes, even though it requires a few extra instructions, and perhaps an extra register.

  7. Memory paging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging

    A program might include multiple overlays that occupy the same memory at different times. Overlays are not a method of paging RAM to disk but merely of minimizing the program's RAM use. Subsequent architectures used memory segmentation, and individual program segments became the units exchanged between disk and RAM. A segment was the program's ...

  8. Orthogonal instruction set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set

    Direct address: ADD.A address 1 — add the value stored at address 1; Memory indirect: ADD.M address 1 — read the value in address 1, use that value as another address and add that value; Many ISAs also have registers that can be used for addressing as well as math tasks. This can be used in a one-address format if a single address register ...

  9. Comparison of instruction set architectures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction...

    An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer, also referred to as computer architecture.A realization of an ISA is called an implementation.An ISA permits multiple implementations that may vary in performance, physical size, and monetary cost (among other things); because the ISA serves as the interface between software and hardware.