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  2. Plastid evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid_evolution

    The first plastid is highly accepted within the scientific community to be derived from the engulfment of cyanobacteria ancestor into a eukaryotic organism. [4] Evidence supporting this belief is found in many morphological similarities such as the presence of a two plasma membranes. It is thought that the first membrane belonged to the ...

  3. Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

    Mitochondria are regarded as organelles rather than endosymbionts because mitochondria and the host cells share some parts of their genome, undergo division simultaneously, and provide each other with means to produce energy. [40] The endomembrane system and nuclear membrane were hypothesized to have derived from the protomitochondria. [41] [42 ...

  4. Archaeplastida - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida

    The cells of the Archaeplastida typically lack centrioles and have mitochondria with flat cristae. They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose, and food is stored in the form of starch. However, these characteristics are also shared with other eukaryotes.

  5. Heteroplasmy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroplasmy

    Many cell divisions and a great deal of time are required for a cell to accumulate enough mutant mitochondria to cause symptoms. An example of this phenomenon is Leber optic atrophy . Generally, individuals with this condition do not experience vision difficulties until they have reached adulthood.

  6. Eukaryote - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote

    The most common type of plastid is the chloroplast, which contains chlorophyll and produces organic compounds by photosynthesis. Plants and various groups of algae have plastids as well as mitochondria. Plastids, like mitochondria, have their own DNA and are developed from endosymbionts, in this case cyanobacteria.

  7. Plastid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid

    Plastid DNA exists as protein-DNA complexes associated as localized regions within the plastid's inner envelope membrane; and these complexes are called 'plastid nucleoids'. Unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a plastid nucleoid is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The region of each nucleoid may contain more than 10 copies of the ...

  8. Palisade cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade_cell

    Palisade cells contain a high concentration of chloroplasts, particularly in the upper portion of the cell, making them the primary site of photosynthesis in the leaves of plants that contain them. Their vacuole also aids in this function: it is large and central, pushing the chloroplasts to the edge of the cell, maximising the absorption of ...

  9. Plant cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell

    Structure of a plant cell. Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or ...