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gamma. -Hydroxybutyric acid. gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABA B receptor.
Therapeutically, fexofenadine is a selective peripheral H 1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and cause sedation, compared to first-generation antihistamines. [12][13] It was patented in 1979 and came into medical use in 1996. [14]
Loratadine, sold under the brand name Claritin among others, is a medication used to treat allergies. [ 5 ] This includes allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and hives. [ 5 ] It is also available in drug combinations such as loratadine/pseudoephedrine, in which it is combined with pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant. [ 5 ] It is taken orally.
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine, or Z-drug, which acts as a sedative and hypnotic. [11][20] Zolpidem is a GABA A receptor agonist of the imidazopyridine class. [11] It works by increasing GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABA A receptors at the same location as benzodiazepines. [11]
A positron emission tomography (PET) study found that brain occupancy of the H 1 receptor was 12.6% for 10 mg cetirizine, 25.2% for 20 mg cetirizine, and 67.6% for 30 mg hydroxyzine. [29] (A 10 mg dose of cetirizine equals about a 30 mg dose of hydroxyzine in terms of peripheral antihistamine effect.) [30] PET studies with antihistamines have ...
Life-threatening overdose is rare, [10] however, as the median lethal dose is about 338 milligrams/kilogram in mice and 425 mg/kg in rats. [10] The potential harm is increased when central nervous system depressants and antidepressants are also used; deliberate overdose often includes other drugs. [10]
Nitazoxanide alone has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B over a one-year course of therapy. [17] Nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily resulted in a decrease in serum HBV DNA in all of 4 HBeAg-positive patients, with undetectable HBV DNA in 2 of 4 patients, loss of HBeAg in 3 patients, and loss of HBsAg in one patient.
Phenibut is used in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia as a pharmaceutical drug to treat anxiety and to improve sleep (e.g., in the treatment of insomnia). [6] [5] It is also used for various other indications, including the treatment of asthenia, depression, alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, stuttering, tics, vestibular disorders, Ménière's disease ...